Basics About Vitamins

Vitamins are the group of organic compounds that can not be synthesized by our body but are essential for our body and must be supplied in the diet (exceptions are vitamin D is synthesized in our skin when exposed to sunlight and small and insufficient quantity of vitamin K is synthesized in the intestine by intestinal flora). Vitamins can not be synthesized but are essential nutrients for us. Vitamins are required by us in very small quantity and fall in the category of micronutrients.

Vitamins do not give us any calorie or energy but helps the body for utilizing other nutrients. Since our body is unable to synthesize vitamins (even if synthesized they are not sufficient), they must be supplied in our diet. A well balanced diet can provide us all the vitamins and other nutrients both major (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and minor (vitamins, minerals and trace elements or trace minerals).

Vitamins are broadly divided into two groups:

Fat soluble vitamins:

This include vitamin A, D, E and K

Water soluble vitamins:

This include B complex group of vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamin B complex group include vitamin B1 or thiamin (thiamin is the first B complex vitamin to be discovered and named as B1), B2 or riboflavin, B3 or niacin, B6 or pyridoxine, B5 or pantothenic acid, folic acid and vitamin B12, the group also includes choline and flavoniods.

Each of the vitamins has one or more specific functions to perform and deficiency of any of the vitamins can lead to specific deficiency disease (except vitamin E, any deficiency disease is yet to be identified if it is there, but it helps in making the skin glow), e.g. deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy (very well known).

The minimum intake of vitamins per day has been determined but the daily optimum intake is still not clear and is still speculative. So the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is in speculative stage.

Image: piyaphantawong / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

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  • To Get Kids Vaccinated, Some Pediatricians OK With Delays

    Michele Pereira, who questions the schedule of mandatory vaccines, sat with her daughters, Evangeline, 6, right, and Genevieve, 2, at a park in Ashland, Ore., earlier this month.Enlarge Jeff Barnard/AP

    Michele Pereira, who questions the schedule of mandatory vaccines, sat with her daughters, Evangeline, 6, right, and Genevieve, 2, at a park in Ashland, Ore., earlier this month.

    Jeff Barnard/AP

    Michele Pereira, who questions the schedule of mandatory vaccines, sat with her daughters, Evangeline, 6, right, and Genevieve, 2, at a park in Ashland, Ore., earlier this month.

    Anxious parents sometimes ask the pediatrician if they can postpone vaccines for young children. And a new survey suggests quite a few doctors go along with the requests, despite standing recommendations they stick to a strict schedule.

    In a survey of more than 200 pediatricians in Washington state, 61 percent of the doctors said they are OK with spacing out or delaying some vaccines. That approach flies in the face of the immunization schedule from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians, which calls for each child to get 25 shots in the first 18 months of life.

    The study was published in the journal Pediatrics.

    There's abundant proof that vaccinations protect children from deadly diseases, such as polio, measles and pertussis. Some parents cringe when they see their 4-month-old getting five different shots at a well-baby visit. That inclination and worries about vaccine side effects has sparked interest in alternative immunization schedules that space the shots out.

    Indeed, 1 in 10 parents say they've delayed or skipped some vaccines, according to a survey published in Pediatrics last month.

    What's more, a new analysis by the Associated Press finds "that more than half of states have seen at least a slight rise in the rate of exemptions" from vaccine requirements for school attendance in the past five years. And in eight states, more than 1 in 20 kindergartners in public school aren't receiving all the required vaccines.

    Exemption rates are highest in in the West and Upper Midwest. In Washington state, 6 percent of public school parents have opted out of vaccination, the AP reports.

    There's no evidence that delaying or skipping vaccines benefits children's health. And recent outbreaks of measles among unvaccinated children are clear reminders of the dangers posed by infectious diseases.

    The alternative vaccine schedule has been popularized by pediatrician Robert Sears, whose The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child, was published in 2007.

    Many of Sears' claims, such as the one that vaccines cause chronic disease, have no basis in science. Vaccine expert Dr. Paul Offitt rebutted the claims in a 2009 article in Pediatrics: "The Problem With Dr. Bob's Alternative Vaccine Schedule."

    Still, as the latest survey shows, more than half of pediatricians said they are willing to try an alternative vaccination schedule if asked. Three-quarters of the doctors said they had been asked to do so. Almost all said the Sears book didn't influence their thinking on vaccine schedules.

    The doctors were most likely to consider delaying hepatitis B; varicella (chickenpox), and polio for four months or more.

    But the docters balked at delaying Hib, which prevents meningitis and pneumonia caused by a bacteria; pneumococcal immunization, which prevents pneumonia and ear infections; and DTaP, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

    What gives? The study authors suggest that doctors are engaged in a tricky balancing act. "Primary care physicians should be recognized for seeking to immunize their patients against common and devastating diseases of infancy while maintaining a therapeutic alliance with parents," the authors wrote.

    In other words: We'll bend a bit so we don't alienate parents. But we're going to make darned sure kids get their shots.

    When it comes to their own kids, 96 percent of the surveyed pediatricians said they would stick to the recommended vaccination schedule.

    Five Reasons to Shop Around for Health Insurance

    Health insurance doesn’t have to be expensive, and there are policies out there to suit all needs and budgets. Here are five important reasons why you should always shop around for a UK health insurance policy.

    1) The NHS Postcode Lottery

    The NHS Postcode Lottery describes the huge variation in the National Health Service (NHS) across the UK. Whilst some hospitals give fantastic service, others are performing badly.

    Health insurance is designed to supplement the service provided by the NHS, so before shopping for health insurance you should research your local NHS hospital to see where it could improve. If it has long waiting lists for tests and scans, choose a health insurance policy which offers speedy diagnosis.

    2) Customise your policy

    Before you start looking for health insurance, make a list of the things you want covered and the things that are less important to you- are you interested in quick diagnosis, staying in a particular private hospital, or access to expensive cancer drugs?

    Many insurers are now offering adaptable health insurance policies, which you can customise to suit your needs and budget. True health insurance comparison websites will show you all the options from each provider so you can make an informed choice.

    3) Reduce your premiums

    As with all insurance, your premiums will directly affect your level of cover. Cheap health insurance may seem like good value for money at the time, but you may not be covered for certain drugs and treatments in the future.

    There are many ways you can reduce your premiums when purchasing health insurance without sacrificing on cover. Increasing your excess is an easy way of dramatically cutting costs. By choosing an excess of £200, you will pay a maximum of £200 towards your annual claims, and will have significantly lower monthly premiums.

    4) Check the small print
    Sometimes companies place a limit on the maximum amount they will pay out, particularly when it comes to cancer drugs. Customers might also be unaware that health insurers don’t cover certain procedures, like cosmetic surgery.

    Before you purchase health insurance, make sure you are happy with the terms and conditions. If you are not satisfied with the small print, continue to shop around.

    5) Beware of unethical companies

    Searching through health insurance policies can often be complicated. Comparison websites are an easy way to find a health insurance quote in minutes. However, there are many companies out there who will simply take your personal details and sell them on.

    True health insurance comparison websites will be FSA regulated, with a registration number at the bottom of their homepage. These companies should also offer a demonstration of the comparison service they provide.

    This is a guest post by Chloe, who writes on health insurance for www.activequote.com, the true health insurance comparison website in the UK.

    Related posts:

  • How to get Affordable Health Insurance?
  • Health Insurance for Visitors
  • Why you should have Health Insurance?
  • Are you planning to buy Health Insurance?
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  • Scientists Bag Small Game In Bathroom Germ Safari

    Right this way, ladies and germs.Enlarge iStockphoto.com

    Right this way, ladies and germs.

    iStockphoto.com

    Right this way, ladies and germs.

    Turns out Howard Hughes was right. The world is a very germy place, especially public restrooms.

    The reclusive billionaire, who had the world's most notorious case of so-called germophobia, would go to just about any length to avoid contamination. He wore tissue boxes on his feet. He burned his clothing if someone near him got sick. He wrote careful instructions to his staff on how to open a can of peaches without contaminating them.

    And now a study funded in part by his legacy foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, provides what may be one of the most thorough assessments so far of the germs that lurk in public restrooms.

    Researchers swabbed surfaces in a dozen public johns on the University of Colorado campus in Boulder. They came up with 19 different bacterial phyla, or types.

    Some came from soil tracked in on people's shoes. Some of those germs ended up on flush handles, probably because some cautious people used their feet to push down on the handles. But the source of the vast majority of the bacteria was human skin.

    Now, it's hardly a surprise that restrooms are full of germs. But this study, which appears in the online journal PLoS-ONE (the acronym stands for Public Library of Science), adds two types of granularity to the "biogeography" of public restrooms, as the scientists term it.

    First, previous studies relied on the ability of researchers to culture, or grow bacteria from collected samples. And most microorganisms are not easily cultivated. So the new study, which uses so-called bar-coding of a gene common to viritually all bacteria, gives a more complete picture of the highly diverse types of bacteria lurking in these common spaces.

    Second, by tracking the types of bacteria found on different surfaces, the study gives a more complete â€" and disturbing â€" picture of how germs spread all over the place. A restroom user can hardly avoid contacting contaminated surfaces.

    As study authors put it, bacterial types associated with human skin, such as staph and strep bacteria, "were abundant on all surfaces."

    The surfaces sampled included door handles (into and out of the restroom), stall handles (inside and out), toilet seats, flush handles, faucets, soap dispensers and the floor around the sink. (Ever put your bag on the floor while you washed your hands? I thought so.)

    Restroom bacteria cluster in three different communities, the researchers say: those on toilet surfaces, those on the floor and those on door handles and hand-washing appliances.

    Those around the toilet were types that live in the human gut, "suggesting fecal contamination of these surfaces...either via direct contact (with feces or unclean hands), or indirectly as a toilet is flushed and water splashes or is aerosolized."

    Yes, I know, very unappealing. But I thought you should know.

    Interestingly, at least for some people, there was a somewhat different mix of bacteria in women's restrooms compared to men's. Some were germs that prefer female genital tracts.

    The bottom line â€" er, grand conclusion â€" is that "routine use of toilets results in the dispersal of urine- and fecal-associated bacteria throughout the restroom."

    So wash your hands thoroughly, for Pete's sake! And when you do, try to avoid recontaminating them as you leave.

    Addendum: It's possible these particular University of Colorado restrooms were dirtier than most. "Previous studies have documented that college students...are not always the most diligent of hand-washers," the study notes.

    But you never know.

    Five Reasons to Shop Around for Health Insurance

    Health insurance doesn’t have to be expensive, and there are policies out there to suit all needs and budgets. Here are five important reasons why you should always shop around for a UK health insurance policy.

    1) The NHS Postcode Lottery

    The NHS Postcode Lottery describes the huge variation in the National Health Service (NHS) across the UK. Whilst some hospitals give fantastic service, others are performing badly.

    Health insurance is designed to supplement the service provided by the NHS, so before shopping for health insurance you should research your local NHS hospital to see where it could improve. If it has long waiting lists for tests and scans, choose a health insurance policy which offers speedy diagnosis.

    2) Customise your policy

    Before you start looking for health insurance, make a list of the things you want covered and the things that are less important to you- are you interested in quick diagnosis, staying in a particular private hospital, or access to expensive cancer drugs?

    Many insurers are now offering adaptable health insurance policies, which you can customise to suit your needs and budget. True health insurance comparison websites will show you all the options from each provider so you can make an informed choice.

    3) Reduce your premiums

    As with all insurance, your premiums will directly affect your level of cover. Cheap health insurance may seem like good value for money at the time, but you may not be covered for certain drugs and treatments in the future.

    There are many ways you can reduce your premiums when purchasing health insurance without sacrificing on cover. Increasing your excess is an easy way of dramatically cutting costs. By choosing an excess of £200, you will pay a maximum of £200 towards your annual claims, and will have significantly lower monthly premiums.

    4) Check the small print
    Sometimes companies place a limit on the maximum amount they will pay out, particularly when it comes to cancer drugs. Customers might also be unaware that health insurers don’t cover certain procedures, like cosmetic surgery.

    Before you purchase health insurance, make sure you are happy with the terms and conditions. If you are not satisfied with the small print, continue to shop around.

    5) Beware of unethical companies

    Searching through health insurance policies can often be complicated. Comparison websites are an easy way to find a health insurance quote in minutes. However, there are many companies out there who will simply take your personal details and sell them on.

    True health insurance comparison websites will be FSA regulated, with a registration number at the bottom of their homepage. These companies should also offer a demonstration of the comparison service they provide.

    This is a guest post by Chloe, who writes on health insurance for www.activequote.com, the true health insurance comparison website in the UK.

    Related posts:

  • How to get Affordable Health Insurance?
  • Health Insurance for Visitors
  • Why you should have Health Insurance?
  • Are you planning to buy Health Insurance?
  • Should You Buy Travel Insurance?
  • Going for a Trip? Did you Buy Travel Insurance?
  • Importance of Travel Insurance
  • Emergency Loans in Health Care
  • Health Reasons of Quitting Smoking
  • Find a Doctor Online
  • Scientists Bag Small Game In Bathroom Germ Safari

    Right this way, ladies and germs.Enlarge iStockphoto.com

    Right this way, ladies and germs.

    iStockphoto.com

    Right this way, ladies and germs.

    Turns out Howard Hughes was right. The world is a very germy place, especially public restrooms.

    The reclusive billionaire, who had the world's most notorious case of so-called germophobia, would go to just about any length to avoid contamination. He wore tissue boxes on his feet. He burned his clothing if someone near him got sick. He wrote careful instructions to his staff on how to open a can of peaches without contaminating them.

    And now a study funded in part by his legacy foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, provides what may be one of the most thorough assessments so far of the germs that lurk in public restrooms.

    Researchers swabbed surfaces in a dozen public johns on the University of Colorado campus in Boulder. They came up with 19 different bacterial phyla, or types.

    Some came from soil tracked in on people's shoes. Some of those germs ended up on flush handles, probably because some cautious people used their feet to push down on the handles. But the source of the vast majority of the bacteria was human skin.

    Now, it's hardly a surprise that restrooms are full of germs. But this study, which appears in the online journal PLoS-ONE (the acronym stands for Public Library of Science), adds two types of granularity to the "biogeography" of public restrooms, as the scientists term it.

    First, previous studies relied on the ability of researchers to culture, or grow bacteria from collected samples. And most microorganisms are not easily cultivated. So the new study, which uses so-called bar-coding of a gene common to viritually all bacteria, gives a more complete picture of the highly diverse types of bacteria lurking in these common spaces.

    Second, by tracking the types of bacteria found on different surfaces, the study gives a more complete â€" and disturbing â€" picture of how germs spread all over the place. A restroom user can hardly avoid contacting contaminated surfaces.

    As study authors put it, bacterial types associated with human skin, such as staph and strep bacteria, "were abundant on all surfaces."

    The surfaces sampled included door handles (into and out of the restroom), stall handles (inside and out), toilet seats, flush handles, faucets, soap dispensers and the floor around the sink. (Ever put your bag on the floor while you washed your hands? I thought so.)

    Restroom bacteria cluster in three different communities, the researchers say: those on toilet surfaces, those on the floor and those on door handles and hand-washing appliances.

    Those around the toilet were types that live in the human gut, "suggesting fecal contamination of these surfaces...either via direct contact (with feces or unclean hands), or indirectly as a toilet is flushed and water splashes or is aerosolized."

    Yes, I know, very unappealing. But I thought you should know.

    Interestingly, at least for some people, there was a somewhat different mix of bacteria in women's restrooms compared to men's. Some were germs that prefer female genital tracts.

    The bottom line â€" er, grand conclusion â€" is that "routine use of toilets results in the dispersal of urine- and fecal-associated bacteria throughout the restroom."

    So wash your hands thoroughly, for Pete's sake! And when you do, try to avoid recontaminating them as you leave.

    Addendum: It's possible these particular University of Colorado restrooms were dirtier than most. "Previous studies have documented that college students...are not always the most diligent of hand-washers," the study notes.

    But you never know.

    Five Reasons to Shop Around for Health Insurance

    Health insurance doesn’t have to be expensive, and there are policies out there to suit all needs and budgets. Here are five important reasons why you should always shop around for a UK health insurance policy.

    1) The NHS Postcode Lottery

    The NHS Postcode Lottery describes the huge variation in the National Health Service (NHS) across the UK. Whilst some hospitals give fantastic service, others are performing badly.

    Health insurance is designed to supplement the service provided by the NHS, so before shopping for health insurance you should research your local NHS hospital to see where it could improve. If it has long waiting lists for tests and scans, choose a health insurance policy which offers speedy diagnosis.

    2) Customise your policy

    Before you start looking for health insurance, make a list of the things you want covered and the things that are less important to you- are you interested in quick diagnosis, staying in a particular private hospital, or access to expensive cancer drugs?

    Many insurers are now offering adaptable health insurance policies, which you can customise to suit your needs and budget. True health insurance comparison websites will show you all the options from each provider so you can make an informed choice.

    3) Reduce your premiums

    As with all insurance, your premiums will directly affect your level of cover. Cheap health insurance may seem like good value for money at the time, but you may not be covered for certain drugs and treatments in the future.

    There are many ways you can reduce your premiums when purchasing health insurance without sacrificing on cover. Increasing your excess is an easy way of dramatically cutting costs. By choosing an excess of £200, you will pay a maximum of £200 towards your annual claims, and will have significantly lower monthly premiums.

    4) Check the small print
    Sometimes companies place a limit on the maximum amount they will pay out, particularly when it comes to cancer drugs. Customers might also be unaware that health insurers don’t cover certain procedures, like cosmetic surgery.

    Before you purchase health insurance, make sure you are happy with the terms and conditions. If you are not satisfied with the small print, continue to shop around.

    5) Beware of unethical companies

    Searching through health insurance policies can often be complicated. Comparison websites are an easy way to find a health insurance quote in minutes. However, there are many companies out there who will simply take your personal details and sell them on.

    True health insurance comparison websites will be FSA regulated, with a registration number at the bottom of their homepage. These companies should also offer a demonstration of the comparison service they provide.

    This is a guest post by Chloe, who writes on health insurance for www.activequote.com, the true health insurance comparison website in the UK.

    Related posts:

  • How to get Affordable Health Insurance?
  • Health Insurance for Visitors
  • Why you should have Health Insurance?
  • Are you planning to buy Health Insurance?
  • Should You Buy Travel Insurance?
  • Going for a Trip? Did you Buy Travel Insurance?
  • Importance of Travel Insurance
  • Emergency Loans in Health Care
  • Health Reasons of Quitting Smoking
  • Find a Doctor Online
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